Particle Swarm Optimization for exploring Darcy-Forchheimer flow of Casson fluid between co-axial rotating disks with the Cattaneo-Christov model.

In this paper, we carried out a numerical analysis of the fluid dynamics and heat transfer occurring between two parallel disks. The study accounts for the impact of temperature-dependent fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity. We systematically investigated various parameters, including viscosity, thermal conductivity, rotational behavior (rotation or counter-rotation), and the presence of stretching, aiming to comprehend their effects on fluid velocity, temperature profiles, and pressure distributions. Our research constructs a mathematical model that intricately couples fluid heat transfer and pressure distribution within the rotating system. To solve this model, we employed the 'Particle Swarm Optimization' method in tandem with the finite difference approach. The results are presented through visual representations of fluid flow profiles, temperature, and pressure distributions along the rotational axis. The findings revealed that the change in Casson factor from 2.5 to 1.5 resulted in a reduction of skin friction by up to 65%, while the change in local Nusselt number was minimal. Furthermore, both the viscosity variation parameter and thermal conductivity parameters were found to play significant roles in regulating both skin friction and local Nusselt number. These findings will have practical relevance to scientists and engineers working in fields related to heat management, such as those involved in rotating gas turbines, computer storage devices, medical equipment, space vehicles, and various other applications.

Wavelets based physics informed neural networks to solve non-linear differential equations.

In this study, the applicability of physics informed neural networks using wavelets as an activation function is discussed to solve non-linear differential equations. One of the prominent equations arising in fluid dynamics namely Blasius viscous flow problem is solved. A linear coupled differential equation, a non-linear coupled differential equation, and partial differential equations are also solved in order to demonstrate the method's versatility. As the neural network's optimum design is important and is problem-specific, the influence of some of the key factors on the model's accuracy is also investigated. To confirm the approach's efficacy, the outcomes of the suggested method were compared with those of the existing approaches. The suggested method was observed to be both efficient and accurate.

Soft computing and statistical approach for sensitivity analysis of heat transfer through the hybrid nanoliquid film in rotating heat pipe.

In this paper, the numerical solution for heat transfer through a rotating heat pipe is studied and a sensitivity analysis is presented by using statistical experimental design technique. Graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide (GO-MoS2) hybrid nanofluid is taken as working fluid inside the pipe. The impact of the heat pipe parameters (rotation speed, initial mass, temperature difference) on the heat transfer and liquid film thickness is investigated. The mathematical model coupling the fluid mass flow rate and liquid film evolution equations in evaporator, adiabatic, and condenser zones of the heat pipe is constructed. The mathematical model is solved by implementation of "Particle Swarm Optimization" along with the finite difference method. The outcomes demonstrate that hybrid nanoparticles help to improve the heat transfer through the heat pipe and reduce liquid film thickness. The heat transfer rises with increasing temperature difference and reducing inlet mass, and it reduces slightly with rising rotation speed. The difference in liquid film thickness between the evaporator and condenser zones increases with increasing temperature difference and decreasing rotation speed. The impact of increasing the volume fraction of GO on the liquid film thickness is higher than that in the case of the MoS2 nanoparticles. However, an increase of the heat transfer is noticed in case of increasing the volume fraction of GO relative to increasing MoS2 concentration. Statistical analysis of the computed numerical data and the identification of significant parameters for total heat transfer are found using the response surface method. At 95% level of significance, the GO concentration in the hybrid nanofluid, inlet mass of the hybrid nanofluid and the temperature difference inside the evaporator zone of the pipe are found to be significant linear parameters for increasing heat transfer.

Tree-Based and Machine Learning Algorithm Analysis for Breast Cancer Classification.

Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of death in developed and developing nations, accounting for 8% of deaths after lung cancer. Gene mutation, constant pain, size fluctuations, colour (roughness), and breast skin texture are all characteristics of BC. The University of Wisconsin Hospital donated the WDBC dataset, which was created via fine-needle aspiration (biopsies) of the breast. We have implemented multilayer perceptron (MLP), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), genetic programming (GP), and random forest (RF) on the WBCD dataset to classify the benign and malignant patients. The results show that RF has a classification accuracy of 96.24%, which outperforms all the other classifiers.

Operational feasibility of using whole blood in the rapid HIV testing algorithm of a resource-limited settings like Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Serum-based rapid HIV testing algorithm in Bangladesh constitutes operational challenge to scaleup HIV testing and counselling (HTC) in the country. This study explored the operational feasibility of using whole blood as alternative to serum for rapid HIV testing in Bangladesh. METHODS: Whole blood specimens were collected from two study groups. The groups included HIV-positive patients (n = 200) and HIV-negative individuals (n = 200) presenting at the reference laboratory in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The specimens were subjected to rapid HIV tests using the national algorithm with A1 = Alere Determine (United States), A2 = Uni-Gold (Ireland), and A3 = First Response (India). The sensitivity and specificity of the test results, and the operational cost were compared with current serum-based testing. RESULTS: The sensitivities [95% of confidence interval (CI)] for A1, A2, and A3 tests using whole blood were 100% (CI: 99.1-100%), 100% (CI: 99.1-100%), and 97% (CI: 96.4-98.2%), respectively, and specificities of all test kits were 100% (CI: 99.1-100%). Significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the cost of establishing HTC centre and consumables by 94 and 61%, respectively, were observed. The cost of administration and external quality assurance reduced by 39 and 43%, respectively. Overall, there was a 36% cost reduction in total operational cost of rapid HIV testing with blood when compared with serum. CONCLUSION: Considering the similar sensitivity and specificity of the two specimens, and significant cost reduction, rapid HIV testing with whole blood is feasible. A review of the national HIV rapid testing algorithm with whole blood will contribute toward improving HTC coverage in Bangladesh.

The use of vouchers in HIV prevention, referral treatment, and care for young MSM and young transgender people in Dhaka, Bangladesh: experience from 'HIM' initiative.

INTRODUCTION: The study described the effectiveness of a voucher scheme to access sexual and reproductive health and HIV services among young MSM and transgender people aged 15-24 years in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a country with HIV prevalence of less than 0.1%. METHODS: Descriptive and analytical methods were used to assess the net effects of biodemographic factors of the respondents on the voucher scheme. Effectiveness of the scheme was contextualized as target population coverage, and turnaround time of voucher redemption to access services. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 210 (87.9%) out of the 239 vouchers distributed were redeemed. The mean age of the identified young people was 19.6 years (SD = +2.6 years). The coverage of the scheme against the target population of 200 young MSM and 936 young transgender people was 88% (n = 175) and 4% (n = 35) respectively, with P < 0.001. The median turnaround time for voucher redemption was 7 days. The predictors of voucher turnaround time were age, education, and population group (P < 0.001). HIV testing and counselling was accessed by 160 (76%) respondents, one was positive and linked to antiretroviral treatment and 110 (52%) were diagnosed and treated for sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: The voucher scheme was effective in linking young MSM with sexual and reproductive health and HIV services in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The findings are consistent with the low HIV prevalence in the country. The scheme is, however, not optimal for linking young transgender people with services.

Natural convection heat transfer of nanofluids along a vertical plate embedded in porous medium.

The unsteady natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid along a vertical plate embedded in porous medium is investigated. The Darcy-Forchheimer model is used to formulate the problem. Thermal conductivity and viscosity models based on a wide range of experimental data of nanofluids and incorporating the velocity-slip effect of the nanoparticle with respect to the base fluid, i.e., Brownian diffusion is used. The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid in porous media is calculated using copper powder as porous media. The nonlinear governing equations are solved using an unconditionally stable implicit finite difference scheme. In this study, six different types of nanofluids have been compared with respect to the heat transfer enhancement, and the effects of particle concentration, particle size, temperature of the plate, and porosity of the medium on the heat transfer enhancement and skin friction coefficient have been studied in detail. It is found that heat transfer rate increases with the increase in particle concentration up to an optimal level, but on the further increase in particle concentration, the heat transfer rate decreases. For a particular value of particle concentration, small-sized particles enhance the heat transfer rates. On the other hand, skin friction coefficients always increase with the increase in particle concentration and decrease in nanoparticle size.